Nutritional Requirement of Elderly Males †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Nutritional Requirement of Elderly Males. Answer: Introduction Nutrition plays a significant role in the development of a human being from infancy to adulthood. Consumption of a balanced diet regularly is important for maintenance of good health and well-being of the individual. Every individual requires a daily intake of carbohydrates, fat, proteins, vitamins and minerals to lead a healthy and problem free lifestyle. However, research has shown that compared to the younger generation, the adults or the elderly people require more nutrients in order to lead a healthy life. Diet and nutrition play an important role in various medical conditions (Sizer et al., 2012). These medical conditions include coronary heart disease, arthrosclerosis, obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, anaemia, osteoporosis, among others (Murray Lopez, 2012). This report focuses on the nutritional intake of a group of 25 elderly males in a nursing home. They are more than seventy-five years of age. The food frequency questionnaire tool was used to determine the daily nutritional intake of the elderly males in the nursing home. This report at first focuses on the interpretation of the dietary analysis results. Then, it discusses the nutrient deficiencies and excesses. Finally, it identifies the main food sources providing the nutrients and describes the implications of nutrient deficiencies in the elderly. Some recommendations are also made on the dietary intake of the elderly males in the nursing home. Interpretation of dietary analysis results After analyzing the dietary results obtained from the elderly males, it was found that a number of nutrients were present in excess. These are carbohydrates, protein, cholesterol, sugars, sodium, vitamins like A, B6, B12, C and E. Moreover, the total calorie levels were also high. High levels of cholesterol and carbohydrates can give rise to various medical conditions in the elderly like obesity, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, among others (Perk et al., 2012). While malnutrition is a risk in the elderly, over nutrition can give rise to the above diseases which results in increased levels of mortality and morbidity. Moreover, increased levels of sugar in the diet can give rise to diabetes. High levels of sodium through increased salt intake can also give rise to hypertension in the elderly. However, nutrient deficiencies were also found in the elderly males. There was deficiency of dietary fibers, thiamin, calcium, folic acid, among others. Deficiencies in thiamin can give ris e to heart failure, cognitive impairment and peripheral neuropathy in the elderly people (Caputo et al., 2012). Moreover, deficiencies in calcium can give rise to osteoporosis, bone deformities, among other (Aaseth, Boivin Andersen, 2012). Dietary fiber intake is also very important in case of the elderly, as it prevents colon cancer, various bowel diseases, helps in mineral absorption and also helps to maintain a healthy microbial population in the gut. Moreover, deficiencies in folic acid can give rise to various neurological disorders, dementia, psychosis, depression, among others (Morris, 2012). The most important nutrients are the proteins, vitamins like A, B6, B12, C, D and folic acid. Among the minerals, calcium, zinc, iodine, iron is important. Dietary fibers are also important for maintenance of health in the elderly. Carbohydrates and fats in moderation are also important. However, certain nutrients are comparatively not important for the elderly. These include minerals like magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, selenium, vitamins like riboflavin, niacin, vitamin E, among others. Grains, cereals are essential source of vitamins like thiamin, folic acid, niacin. Moreover, it also provides minerals like iron, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, among others. However, the elderly show a high level of refined grains intake. Refined grains lack minerals and vitamins essential for good health in the elderly. The elderly also showed decreased intake of green leafy vegetables as well as red or orange vegetables like tomatoes. They showed poor intake of legumes, lentils, peas, among others. They also showed increased intake of starchy vegetables like potatoes. They also show poor intake of fruits and more intakes of fruit juices. Fruit juices consist of sweeteners, which affects the health of the elderly. It increases the risk of diabetes. The elderly males also show a high intake of red meats, which are the sources of cholesterol and fats. They have a poor intake of eggs, seafoods, nuts, legumes and soy products. These are far better sources of protein for the elderly than red meats. Plant based proteins like soy proteins are much more digestible and good source of protein for the elderly (Nishinari et al., 2014). The dairy products like milk, yoghurt, cheese are a good source of calcium as well as vitamins and minerals. The elderly people need to increase their intake of milk and yoghurt; while decreasing the intake of cheese and other milk equivalents. The elderly also show a high level of sugar intake, which can result in diabetes and obesity in the elderly. Apart from these, the elderly also show high levels of oil and solid fat equivalents. Implications of nutrient deficiency or excess Cereals are very good sources of vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates. Lack of vitamins thiamin and folic acid can give rise to heart failure, cognitive impairment and peripheral neuropathy in the elderly. Folic acid is necessary for the nervous system and deficiency in folic acid increases the risk of developing Alzheimers disease in the elderly (Barnard et al., 2014). Other diseases include dementia, psychosis, depression, among others. Low levels of carbohydrates can result in low blood sugar or blood glucose levels, however, high levels of carbohydrates can give rise to diabetes and obesity. Intake of refined carbohydrates also results in vitamin and mineral deficiency. Green leafy vegetables are good source of dietary fibers and also contain various compounds that help to prevent colon cancer. They also provide iron, which can prevent anaemia in the elderly. Elderly people have an increased risk of developing colon cancer if the diet has very poor amounts of green vegetables. Re d or orange vegetables like carrots, tomatoes, red capsicums are also important and are a good source of vitamins like vitamin C (Leong Oey, 2012). Deficiency of vitamin C can give rise to scurvy which causes gum bleeding. Moreover, wound healing processes also decline. Legumes and beans prevent the risk of cardiovascular diseases in the elderly. Fruits like apples, guavas are a good source of fiber. However, citrus fruits are a good source of vitamin C. Fruits help to reduce the risk of cancer development. Lower intake of fruits can give rise to cardiovascular diseases and low blood pressure in the elderly. Fruits like bananas are also a source of folic acid. Increased intake of red meat can give rise to renal and colorectal cancer (Durko Malecka-Panas, 2014). Protein deficiencies in the elderly include sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass), weight loss and loss of bone mass (Walston, 2012). Dairy-based foods are a good source of calcium and poor intake of dairy foods can give rise to calcium deficiency leading to osteoporosis, weak bones, weakness and fatigue (Compston et al., 2013). High levels of cheese intake can give rise to increased fat intake resulting in obesity as well as heart diseases. Recommendations Specific recommendations can be made to prevent dietary deficiencies as well as excesses in the elderly. Among grains, whole grain cereals should be the first choice. Various other cereals like corn, muesli can also be consumed. Reduced intake of refined flours and cereals should be kept in mind. Whole wheat breads can also be consumed. Consumption of green leafy vegetables like spinach, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbages are also recommended. Other vegetables like tomatoes, carrots, beetroots are also recommended. However, starchy vegetables like potatoes should be consumed at low amounts. Fruits like apples, bananas, guavas are good source of fibers and folic acid. Citrus fruits like oranges, peaches, pears are good source of vitamin C. Berries like strawberries, blueberries are good source of antioxidants. Sweetened fruit juices should be avoided. The elderly people are recommended to have more of poultry or fish based proteins rather than red meats. Moreover, they can also obta in their protein from sea foods and plant based products like soy. Among dairy products, milk and yoghurt are recommended. Among cheeses, ricotta cheese can be consumed compared to the other cheeses available. Alternatives like nuts, tofu, and salmon are also a good source of calcium and can be consumed apart from the dairy products. Conclusion Diet plays a very important role for maintaining the health of the elderly people. They require special care and additional requirements as compared to infants and young adults. The main nutrients required for health and well-being are carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and fats. Every nutrient is essential and its lack can result in several deficiency diseases. However, increased intake of these nutrients can also give rise to various medical conditions as well. The elderly people require high amounts of dietary fiber, protein, good fats, minerals and vitamins, among others. Dietary fibers help to prevent colon cancer, bowel diseases, among others. Protein deficiencies can give rise to sarcopenia, weak bones in the elderly. Deficiency of minerals and vitamins can give rise to cardiac diseases, neurological problems, among others. However, increased levels of carbohydrates, fats and sugars can give rise to diabetes and obesity. This report shows that the elderly males of the nursing home have high intakes of carbohydrate, protein, cholesterol. Their average energy intakes were also high. They had poor intakes of dietary fibers, fruits and vegetables. They also consumed more red meats, sweetened fruit juices, starchy vegetables like potatoes, among others. This report was concluded with recommendations on dietary intakes of the elderly males in the nursing home. Reference list Aaseth, J., Boivin, G., Andersen, O. (2012). Osteoporosis and trace elementsan overview.Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology,26(2), 149-152. Barnard, N. D., Bush, A. I., Ceccarelli, A., Cooper, J., de Jager, C. A., Erickson, K. I., Morris, M. C. (2014). Dietary and lifestyle guidelines for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease.Neurobiology of Aging,35, S74-S78. Caputo, F., Vignoli, T., Leggio, L., Addolorato, G., Zoli, G., Bernardi, M. (2012). Alcohol use disorders in the elderly: a brief overview from epidemiology to treatment options.Experimental gerontology,47(6), 411-416. Compston, J., Bowring, C., Cooper, A., Cooper, C., Davies, C., Francis, R., Selby, P. (2013). Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and older men in the UK: National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG) update 2013.Maturitas,75(4), 392-396. Durko, L., Malecka-Panas, E. (2014). Lifestyle modifications and colorectal cancer.Current colorectal cancer reports,10(1), 45-54. Leong, S. Y., Oey, I. (2012). Effects of processing on anthocyanins, carotenoids and vitamin C in summer fruits and vegetables.Food Chemistry,133(4), 1577-1587. Morris, M. C. (2012). Nutritional determinants of cognitive aging and dementia.Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,71(1), 1-13. Murray, C. J., Lopez, A. D. (2013). Measuring the global burden of disease.New England Journal of Medicine,369(5), 448-457. Nishinari, K., Fang, Y., Guo, S., Phillips, G. O. (2014). Soy proteins: a review on composition, aggregation and emulsification.Food Hydrocolloids,39, 301-318. Perk, J., De Backer, G., Gohlke, H., Graham, I., Reiner, Ã… ½., Verschuren, W. M., Deaton, C. (2012). European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012).International journal of behavioral medicine,19(4), 403-488. Sizer, F. S., Pich, L. A., Whitney, E. N., Whitney, E. (2012).Nutrition: concepts and controversies. Cengage Learning. Walston, J. D. (2012). Sarcopenia in older adults.Current opinion in rheumatology,24(6), 623.

Tensile test of aluminum and mild steel free essay sample

ABSTARCT: Tensile tests are fundamental for understanding properties of different materials, and how they will behave under load. These properties can be used for design and analysis of engineering structures, and for developing new Materials that better suit a specified use. This lab tested two materials mild steel and cast iron. The data from each test was used to determine valuable material properties such as ultimate tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and yield strength. Other calculated properties included true fracture strength, percent reduction of area, and percent elongation. These material properties were used to define the material as brittle or ductile. INTRODUCTION: Mechanical testing plays an important role in evaluating fundamental properties of engineering materials as well as in developing new materials and in controlling the quality of materials for use in design and construction. If a material is to be used as part of an engineering structure that will be subjected to a load, it is important to know that the material is strong enough and rigid enough to withstand the loads that it will experience in service. As a result engineers have developed a number of experimental techniques for mechanical testing of engineering materials subjected to tension, compression, bending or torsion loading. The most common type of test used to measure the mechanical properties of a material is the Tension Test. Tension test is widely used to provide a basic design information on the strength of materials and is an acceptance test for the specification of materials. The major parameters that describe the stress-strain curve obtained during the tension test are the tensile strength (UTS), yield strength or yield point (ÏÆ'y), elastic modulus (E), percent elongation (∆L%) and the reduction in area (RA%). Toughness, Resilience, Poisson’s ratio(ÃŽ ½ ) can also be found by the use of this testing technique. In this test, a specimen is prepared suitable for gripping into the jaws of the testing machine type that will be used. The specimen used is approximately uniform over a gage length (the length within which elongation measurements are done). Tensile specimens are machined from the material to be tested in the desired orientation and according to the standards. The cross section of the specimen is usually round, square or rectangular. For metals, a piece of sufficient thickness can be obtained so that it can be easily machined, a round specimen is commonly used. For sheet and plate stock, a flat specimen is usually employed. The change in the gage length of the sample as pulling proceeds is measured from either the change in actuator position (stroke or overall change in length) or a sensor attached to the sample (called an extensometer). A tensile load is applied to the specimen until it fractures. During the test, the load required to make a certain elongation on the material is recorded. A load elongation curve is plotted by an x-y recorder, so that the tensile behavior of the material can be obtained. An engineering stress-strain curve can be constructed from this load-elongation curve by making the required calculations. Then the mechanical parameters that we search for can be found by studying on this curve. Engineering Stress is obtained by dividing the load by the original area of the cross section of the specimen. Stress ÏÆ' = P/Ao ( Load/Initial cross-sectional area) Strain = e = ∆l/lo (Elongation/Initial gage length) Engineering stress and strain are independent of the geometry of the specimen. ELASTIC REGION: The part of the stress-strain curve up to the yielding point.Elastic deformation is recoverable. In the elastic region, stress and strain are related to each other linearly. Hooke’s Law: ÏÆ' = Ee The linearity constant E is called the elastic modulus which is specific foreach type of material. Yield Strength is the stress level at which plastic deformation starts. The beginning of first plastic deformation is called yielding. It is an important parameter in design. The stress at which plastic deformation or yielding is observed to begin depends on the sensitivity of the strain measurements. With most materials there is a gradual transition from elastic to plastic behavior, and the point at which plastic deformation begins is hard to define with precision. Various criteria for thevinitiation of yielding are used depending on the sensitivity of the strain measurements and the intended use of the data. 0,2% off-set method is a commonly used method to determine the yield stength. ÏÆ'y(0.2%) is found by drawing a parallel line to the elastic region and the point at which this line intersects with the stressstrain curve is set as the yielding point. An illustration of 0,2% off-set method is shown in the appendix part. Plastic Region: The part of the stress-strain diagram after the yielding point. At the yielding point, the plastic deformation starts. Plastic deformation is permanent. At the maximum point of the stress-strain diagram (ÏÆ' UTS), necking starts. Tensile Strength is the maximum stress that the material can support. ÏÆ'UTS = Pmax/Ao Because the tensile strength is easy to determine and is a quite reproducible property, it is useful for the purposes of specifications and for quality control of a product. Extensive empirical correlations between tensile strength and properties such as hardness and fatigue strength are often quite useful. For brittle materials, the tensile strength is a valid criterion for design. Ductility is the degree of plastic deformation that a material can withstand before fracture. A material that experiences very little or no plastic deformation upon fracture is termed brittle. In general, measurements of ductility are of interest in three ways: 1. To indicate the extent to which  a metal can be deformed without fracture in metalworking operations such as rolling and extrusion. 2. To indicate to the designer, in a general way, the ability of the metal to flow plastically before fracture. 3. To serve as an indicator of changes in impurity level or processing conditions. Ductility measurements may be specified to assess material

Benefits From Using CMS Format Essay Sample

Benefits From Using CMS Format Essay SampleYou might have heard of CMS format essay sample. It is an excellent way to get some useful information on how to write a CMS format essay. The best part is that it can help you learn the content management system in no time. But, you should not just jump into writing a CMS format essay, instead, you should read and think about the concepts.CMS stands for Content Management System. It is a web application used to publish, manage, and update content on the World Wide Web. It is also known as Content Management System, or Content Management System. When CMS format essay sample was invented, it aimed to make it easier for everyone to post a piece of text online. The purpose of this application is to give control over the design, layout, and other aspects of a web page, to those who are authorized by the company.You will find many benefits from using CMS, and if you use it, you can easily get to the top of the rankings of search engines. And you don't have to know much about HTML or web programming. All you need to know is how to utilize web-based applications and technologies to post information to the World Wide Web.It is a good option for those who don't want to learn about different types of languages and the process of learning them. They can simply focus on learning the features of CMS format essay sample. The features that are offered by CMS are mentioned in various CMS format essay sample examples. These features can be put to use right away. There is no need to worry that you will not be able to use the features.One of the main benefits is that you can use your word processing applications on your website. You can simply upload documents and run a static HTML with the help of the application. Thisis important because a CMS format essay sample allows you to save your document on the computer and you can still edit it later on.The final benefit is that you can save time. Since your CMS will make it easy for you to cr eate a blog, you won't have to do much work. You only have to change some details in the template and you can start to make posts on your blog.As you know, you can find many CMS format essay sample at different places. This is one of the reasons why CMS format essay sample is becoming popular. So, it is recommended to go online to find some blogs where you can learn the things from.You can use CMS format essay sample as a guide to get familiar with the features of CMS. It is an excellent way to learn new things, as well as save time. When you have all the facts, you can get started immediately.

Digital Crime Scenario

General Educations Writing Essay Example

General Educations Writing Essay Example General Educations Writing Essay General Educations Writing Essay Written Communications is one of my weaknesses because I have a hard time learning how to compose works that apply the correct structures of a composition which Is coherent paragraphing, Intelligible sentence structure, precise and varied word choice, and correcting spelling, grammar, and mechanics. I have always have problems In this area in school because I didnt know express myself clear In my written and If it was a boring topic It was hard for me to write about because It was meeting that was not interesting to me. I plan to work on this area In the future by asking my teachers for help and guidance with my writing. This will Impact my success In college because I would be able to analyze and Interpret college level materials without any Issues. Oral communicating would be the second weaknesses because I have a hard time learning how to understand information in different verbal and nonverbal messages. Again this was something I struggled with as a child because I didnt like doing presentation in front my class so I would not do it because I was shy to speak in front of people and felt like it was putting on the spot light. I plan to work on this area in the future by noting letting my pride get in the way of me doing what I got to do when comes to doing presentations in front of people. This will impact my success in college I will be more confident to do my work. : Last area I would consider a weakness would be Critical Thinking and Problem Solving because I dont use appropriate problem solving method when I get mad. It is hard for me to control my anger and deal with certain situation professional. So what I have learned to go is Just walk away I find that to help well. I plan to work on this area in the future by not letting people get to me and try to think before I act. This will impact my success in college by being the bigger person in certain situations.

Contingent Workforce Planning at Motorola, Inc Case Study

Contingent Workforce Planning at Motorola, Inc - Case Study Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that a company where contingent workers are responsible for the usual staff and form inter-corporate culture comes up. This significantly results in increased activity and contingent labor influence, which leads to the insecurity of the employment relationship. Despite the Motorola is an international company working in more than 70 countries worldwide, it is affected by the same human resource problems. The modern companies use contingent workers. Initially, the company’s human resource system was based on the transactional relationships between different staffing and recruiting firms. The firms were responsible for the staff selection and making contracts in the market. Consequently, this approach had many problems that related to a lack of coordination and staff management. There was also a lack of common corporate contingent labor plan sourcing, a disparity between the contingent workers pay rate and that of the company’s fu ll-time workers and high costs of sourcing. Among the Motorola Company’s problems, there are two main ones: the first one is associated with the company’s business activities cycle. This required a certain degree of flexibility of the staff’s number. The second problem relates to the high cost of the previous staff recruitment scheme, which involved a great number of staffing companies and agencies. There are some facts that affect the problems and issues at the Motorola Company. Recruitment of contingent employees is a modern tendency in big companies and Motorola is a no exception. The trend of hiring temporary workers has reasons, and as earlier mentioned, this trend is due to the cynical nature of the industry. This requires the flexibility of staffing.

Data Warehouse Design and Implementation Research Paper

Data Warehouse Design and Implementation - Research Paper Example Additionally, the online analytical processing systems offer a technique to produce ad-hoc queries beside the data-warehouse in an attempt to respond to significant business questions. In the same way, data mining offers a wide variety of techniques and algorithms for finding knowledge in a huge bulk of corporate data. In addition, in order to develop a data warehouse system, we need to put into operation a reliable technology structure where corporate operational data can be managed effectively with real and enterprise-wide aspects and to get into reorganization of a handful application policies to offer a high quality system. However, the implementation and design of a data warehouse system has occasionally been a very big challenge in theory as well as in practice (Charles, 2010; Turban, Leidner, McLean, & Wetherbe, 2005; Olamendy, 2010). This paper discusses some of the important aspects related to the design and implementation of a data warehouse system. The basic purpose of thi s research is to investigate some of the important aspects such as theories, initiatives, models and techniques for better and improved data warehouse system design and implementations. Introduction A data warehouse is normally recognized as an integrated and time-varying set of information and data that is basically used for strategic decision making through OLAP (online analytical processing) methods. ... this perspective, however hardly any technique exists to date for applying similar methods from an operational database (Charles, 2010; Husemann, Lechtenborger, & Vossen, 2000; Laudon & Laudon, 1999; Inmon, 2002). Without a doubt, there are many standards and methods to implement and design a relational data model for a business system which are flexible to design and implement data warehouse technology based modeling, however they cannot be employed as a natural method, consequently data warehouse development modeling is novel regulation that is improving with the passage of time. Basically, the starting point for the design and development of the data-warehouse environment is the data model. In absence data model, the implementation of a data warehouse is almost impossible. In this scenario, the data model works like a roadmap for technology based system development (Charles, 2010; Husemann, Lechtenborger, & Vossen, 2000; Laudon & Laudon, 1999; Inmon, 2002). Moreover, in order to d evelop a data warehouse system, we need to form a reliable technology based environment where organization’s operational data will be maintained effectively in an enterprise and integrated view and to get into recognition a handful accomplishment policy to offer a high quality system. However, the implementation and design of a data warehouse system frequently is a very complex issue in theory as well as practice (Charles, 2010). This paper will present a detailed analysis of data warehouse design and implementation. This research will cover some of the major aspects that need to be considered while designing implementing models of the data warehouse. Data Warehouse Design This section discusses some of the approaches and methods those can be adopted for the data warehouse design which